Contemplating medicine and the health care system
Previously, I have lauded Common Good. Yesterday, the chair of Common Good, Philip K. Howard (a lawyer), published an op-ed piece in the NY Times. I will give 2 sites for the op-ed entitled The Best Course of Treatment , The Common Good site, and the online NY Times version. This op-ed does a better job than I have done in presenting an alternative to our current malpractice nonsystem.
Lose-lose is perhaps the best way of describing the sorry state of justice in American health care. Doctors are going on strike and even quitting because of ruinous increases in liability premiums. Patients aren’t doing so well, either: thousands die annually because of simple slip-ups, and no one seems to be able to revoke the licenses of inept physicians.
He starts by defining the problem. This definition is fair. We would like a system that would protect patients, and not put good physicians at unnecessary financial hardship.
Doctors and patients aren’t natural enemies. They’ve been driven apart by an unreliable system of justice that tolerates both abusive claims and bad care, breeding distrust on both sides. Studies about jury awards in health care confirm what every doctor fears ? and every victim should fear: justice is random. Most doctors who make mistakes don’t get sued. But most lawsuits are against doctors who did nothing wrong; the cases involve human tragedy but not medical negligence.
Remember this is a lawyer writing. He understands (as did Mike Kingsley in his column within the last month). The problem is the random nature of justice. We need a more reliable system. One which protects patients and physicians.
The Constitution’s right to a jury trial does not require judges to abjure their traditional role of defining the boundaries of reasonable dispute. The role of juries in civil cases is to decide disputed facts, like whether someone is telling the truth. It is not to declare standards of care that affect society as a whole. That’s why the Seventh Amendment qualifies the jury right as applying to “suits at common law” and ends by saying that “no fact tried by jury shall be otherwise re-examined . . . than according to the rules of the common law.” Judges declare the standards of law that affect all of society; juries decide disputed facts in a particular case.
Today, however, juries are being asked to decide not only disputed facts but standards of medical care. How does a jury know how to do that? More important, how does a doctor know what standards to abide by? Every time a sick person gets sicker, it’s easy to come up with a theory of what a doctor might have done differently. Chemotherapy didn’t work, but maybe radiation would have.
He reinforces my point, that juries cannot reliably and should not decide standards of care. Those judgements remain very difficult, even for experienced physicians. He challenges us to have judges decide on the merits of considering malpractice.
Unreliable justice harms patients more than it does doctors. Pervasive distrust is causing a meltdown in American health care. Quality suffers as fear of lawsuits chills the professional interaction necessary for informed and humane care. Costs spiral out of control in part because doctors squander resources with unnecessary tests in order to build a record just in case they get sued.
A reliable system of medical justice could take many forms, but because the critical issue in virtually all cases is whether the doctor complied with appropriate standards of care, the key element must be expert judges ruling on standards of care. Specialized tribunals are common, in areas ranging from taxes to vaccine liability. A bill to finance pilot projects for special medical courts is scheduled to be introduced in the Senate later this week.
The common ground here is the need for reliable justice. For doctors, reliability would offer protection against baseless claims. For patients, it would provide victims with quicker compensation without the legal costs that consume almost half the awards. A system of reliable justice could also remove from practice incompetent doctors who often escape accountability now by threatening to sue their hospital or state licensing board.
This proposal makes so much sense that it can not possibly succeed. Trial lawyers will oppose this ferociously, because (I fear) many trial lawyers are more interested in jackpots than justice. This proposal focuses on justice. I believe we would all benefit from fair justice. Fair trumps random every time!
Here is an editorial supporting the idea of medical courts – Medical Courts Would Heal Infirmities Of Legal System. If your are interested in these issues, please read both pieces carefully. I am impressed with the though process behind this proposal. Now to figure out how I can make a difference!
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7 Responses to Rethinking malpractice
Lisa Williams
July 22nd, 2003 at 11:00 am
This is the same kind of unsupported argument that I was pointing out in my comments on an earlier post, Who Should Judge Malpractice?. Howard merely states that jurors are unable to judge, but gives no reasons why.
Once again:
1. Are jurors without medical training too ignorant to judge malpractice cases? Why?
2. If an individual
without medical training can give informed consent to a complex procedure that involves risk, why can’t twelve of his or her peers, also with no medical training, understand the same material?
No one has managed to break the link between the “average juror” and the “average patient” to me. If the “average juror” cannot make a reasonable decision regarding healthcare, than neither can the “average patient.” If this is the case, informed consent is a meaningless.
Without further support, attempts to say that jurors cannot judge, but patients can decide are merely attempts to have it both ways that don’t hang together logically.
Most people I have asked these two questions to, finding themselves in a bind, retreat to “Well, lawyers manipulate the jurors” — instead of trying to support the idea that jurors can’t judge malpractice. This is also typically unsupported argument, but slips by most people because few people would go against the cultural grain to say that lawyers aren’t manipulative — if people didn’t have that as a cultural norm, lawyer jokes wouldn’t be funny.
If lawyers manipulate jurors, surely they don’t do so *only* in malpractice cases. If jurors are similarly unable to resist the manipulations of lawyers, then why not abolish the entire jury system?
Robert W. Donnell
July 22nd, 2003 at 2:47 pm
With all due respect, Lisa, I think you may be the one making the unsupported argument. Virtually all medical cases that make it to the jury are complex and highly nuanced (those slam dunk cases such as removal of the wrong kidney or the instrument left inside the belly generally settle out of court). Your argument seems to be that the public is capable of understanding the complexities of medical care and the subtle distinctions of biologic cause and effect. Which of the two arguments here is the more plausible? What evidence or logical argument can you cite to support your view?
Read some of the articles in Medical Economics in which malpractice attorneys (both plaintiff and defense) are interviewed. Almost without exception they believe that jurors’ subjective and emotional reactions trump objective evidence and they fashion their strategies accordingly.
If lay juries are capable of adjudicating the three elements of medical torts (breech of standard of care, harm, and causality) why do we need expert witnesses? Unfortunately our current system of expert medical testimony is flawed because it creates a conflict of interest by paying the so called expert to support one side’s agenda in an adversarial process.
And concerning your point about informed consent: Medical informed consent is all about the right of self-determination, and as such it’s *subjective*. One’s right to have questions answered and accept or refuse health care does not qualify that person to sit in judgment of others.
Lisa Williams
July 22nd, 2003 at 3:27 pm
Well, Robert, I appreciate that you’ve tackled the issue head-on: you’re the only person I’ve talked to thus far who’s just willing to come out and say, “Okay, the average person without medical experience is incapable of judging (most? all?) malpractice cases, and here’s why.” Good! However, his is not true of the op/ed article linked to in the post — there’s just an assertion that jurors aren’t capable, but not why — you supply your own why.
I’m interested to hear more about your definition of informed consent. If people are making “subjective” definitions, what is the “informed” part about? I’m sure that you have a reason for breaking the linkage between informed consent and being able to be a member of a jury, but I’m not sure from reading your comment precisely what your reasoning is. Do you feel that informed consent doesn’t have anything to do with understanding the treatments you are given? Or are you trying to get at something different? Many people have told me that making decisions about your own healthcare and a third party being able to understand those same procedures is different. I’d certainly be willing to consider it if anyone who had some input were willing to say *how* it’s different.
The reason I ask for people to provide support for these arguments is that the remedies they provide are so significant — and not just to healthcare. I take the idea of a major industry opting out of one of the foundations of our democracy (our judicial system) very seriously. The act of removing the actions of citizens in their role as a jury from an entire sphere of commercial and human life is a very serious thing. I feel that the burden of proof lies with those who want to change it.
As to support for the idea of juries, well, the Founding Fathers could do it better than I. Open jury trials are a hallmark of a country’s commitment to democracy and civil rights. I wouldn’t want to live in a country where I wasn’t entitled to a jury trial if I were accused of an offense, civil or criminal. This is why I am for curbing the excesses of jury trials in malpractice cases (along with other remedies for the serious problems that rising malpractice rates have caused, including caps), and only eliminating the jury system as a last possible resort. What I would be for is medical courts which feature a judge advocate who is a doctor. This judge advocate could inform the judge when either side’s legal tactics have strayed too far from reality, and then the judge could rein in these, and make better instructions to the jury (thanks to R.G. Lacsamana for this idea).
Greg Garcia
July 22nd, 2003 at 3:50 pm
Like Mr. Donnell, I find the arguments laid out by Lisa Williams to be superficially seductive but without much substance. Her analogy is not even worth considering.
When it takes a physician anywhere from 11 to 15 years to master the art and science of medicine, with all its complexities and nuances, plus the unresolved controversies,
it is ludicrous to assume that a layman, even as well-informed as Lisa may be, can have the expertise to judge a malpractice case on the same level as a physician. I have appeared as a witness for defendants on a few occasions, and I can document the fact that juries made up of laymen do not have even the elementary capacity to ask relevant questions, never mind to judge standards of care in contested cases. This is the experience of many other other physicians, which is why there have been calls over the years to tweak the tort system, apart from placing caps on damages.
A book published last year from the University of Chicago, authored by renonwed lawyers (a best-seller in our area), also documented the poor jobs juries have been doing in malpractice cases, and recommended – among other things – the idea of special juries that Mr. Howard is talking about. Why would laypeople like Ms. Williams object to something that looks so promising and with the potential to achieve medical justice for all?
Mr. Howard’s call for medical juries is nothing new, but I am glad he is reviving the issue to acquaint the public of what it is all about. He predicts correctly that trial lawyers are going to fight this to the bitter end; yet, in the face of a malpractice situation where cruel realities are starting to haunt the public,
it is time to try something that I feel is the best yet to come out of a welter of proposals but with no tangible results.
With more than 70% of the public supporting physicians on the malpractice problem, the time is ripe to support the creation of medical juries.
Lisa Williams
July 22nd, 2003 at 4:07 pm
Not worth considering. Well, if that’s the standard of discourse here, then I’ll just leave you guys to it. Us laypeople will sit around and let you guys run things from now on.
Robert W. Donnell
July 22nd, 2003 at 7:23 pm
Lisa’s informed consent argument assumes that the right to medical self-determination is based on some level of qualification in medical decision-making which, by inference, makes one qualified to judge the medical treatment of others. But where is that written? In ethical discussions of patient autonomy the operative term is “competent,” not “qualified.” For practical purposes that means one need only be reasonably *sane*! Even mildly demented patients can exercise the right of medical decision provided on a particular day they have some rudimentary appreciation of their illness as well as the proposed treatment and its alternatives as presented to them in simplistic form by the physician. What kind of qualification is that?
Contrast such “qualification” with the level of understanding necessary to grasp complexities of medicine that form the basis of clinical practice. For example, how many lay jurors understand Bayes’ theorem and the use of receiver-operating-characteristic curves as tools to interpret medical test results? Or the calculation of utility scores in clinical decision analysis? What about basic epidemiologic concepts as applied to the determination of causality (such as population attributable risk vs relative risk vs absolute risk). How many understand the complexities of clinical trials that impact on the evidentiary basis for the standard of care? These are NOT elitist academic curiosities–they are the ordinary, every day nuts-and-bolts skills that form the very basis of medical practice! As such they should be understood by anyone sitting in judgment of a doctor’s care. The corrupt process of paying expert witnesses, which is supposed to fix this problem, has been a failure.
Finally, I think Lisa may be attacking a straw man here. While I have pointed out serious flaws in the jury system, in no way did I suggest we dismantle it. The referenced article by Phillip Howard suggests only that juries not be asked to do more than the constitution requires, and that there are alternatives for process improvement that are worth considering. I agree.
Anonymous
October 13th, 2003 at 4:55 am
Being a layperson myself ,I cannot find fault with, the medical side of these issues,do to the fact I am not a liscensed physcian,and I do not profess to know your buisness.I read however ,about the 70% favor for the medical practice,and could challenge that by ,finding other groups, that have had different experiences (like not having John Q.paying their medical bills)who have had major medical treatment,after treatment,after treatment,and still die because of the medical people’s ideals that by GOD I’m the doctor, and that’s all you laypeople need to understand.I’m not the smartest guy around,but,I do have a Ph.D in Astrophyscics from M.I.T. and that still does’nt make me a brain surgeon either.Unless ,you do your own plumbing,electrical,mechanical,and whatever,you still depend on someone that is supposed to know what they are doing,and if you are not satisfied with their results ,do accept it and go on, or do you complain.Being the layperson ,you ,have now become,you should not concern yourself with such matters ,and read it in the stone that was just etched for you.Oh, you could have gotten references if you knew where to find them ,but,unless you have seen the results your’e still taking another layperson’s word for it.How,s it feel? I guess I’m a little bitter about this subject do to the fact my mother died a few months back,not due to malpractice but the lack of any practice that could have saved here life.I can also read those medical journals and understand them, but you don’t have to be a physician to see pain in someone’s eye’s with them telling you they have a problem, that is not new in your journal’s and prescribe a treatment or suggest another, more qualified,physician to take care of this.When you have had this problem for over a year and nothing is done until it is too late, to do anything about it, I guess I should just accept this and go on.I just can’t help wandering about the next poor layperson that “these”(plural) professionals are going to try and impress with their knowledge of this art.Emotion’s? Yes.If you want to be a stone, try reading ,what you people as a body have etched into it.